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The Ancient City of Babylon: A Marvel of Ancient Mesopotamia
A history of Babylon from its Amorite kings and Hammurabi to Nebuchadnezzar II, Persian rule and Alexander, with its sieges, revivals and slow abandonment.
Babylon and Assyria
The City of Babylon
Architecture, learning, religion and legends of Babylon.
Ancient Babylon: The Cradle of Modern Democracy
Babylon was a monarchy, not a democracy. This article explains kingship, royal edicts, city assemblies and councils, and what influence on later government is claimed.
The Ancient Babylonians: Builders of the Hanging Gardens
Did the Babylonians build the Hanging Gardens? The Greek accounts, the silence of Babylonian records and the Nineveh theory, and why the location is still unproven.
The Ancient City of Babylon: A Hub of Culture and Learning
Babylonian scribal scholarship: how scribes were trained, what literary, mathematical and astronomical works were studied, and where the tablet collections come from.
The Ancient City of Babylon: A Hub of Mesopotamian Culture
Babylonian religion centred on Marduk, the Esagila temple and the Akitu new-year festival, and how Babylon's cult shaped worship across Mesopotamia.
The Ancient City of Babylon: A Marvel of Babylonian Architecture
The Ishtar Gate, Processional Way, Etemenanki ziggurat, city walls and glazed brick of Nebuchadnezzar II's Babylon, and how Koldewey's excavations revealed them.
The Enigmatic Stele of the Ancient Babylonians
Babylonian monuments beyond the Hammurabi stele: kudurru boundary stones, royal inscriptions and cylinders, and what they show about land, kingship and divine protection.
The Mysterious Hanging Gardens of Babylon: A Story of Ancient Engineering
How could a raised garden have been watered and supported with mud brick, bitumen and lifting devices? An engineering look at a hypothesis with no confirmed remains.
The Rise of the Babylonians: A City of Wonder
Babylon as a showpiece capital: its size, canals, markets and the accounts of visitors, with Herodotus and other Greek writers read carefully against the evidence.
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